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Some animals may display bloody vaginal discharge, often mistaken for menstruation. [3] Many mammals used in commercial agriculture, such as cattle and sheep, may have their estrous cycles artificially controlled with hormonal medications for optimum productivity. [4] [5] The male equivalent, seen primarily in ruminants, is called rut. [2]
The Bruce effect, or pregnancy block, [1] [2] is the tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male. [3] The effect was first noted in 1959 by Hilda M. Bruce, [4] and has primarily been studied in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). [1]
Garden snails mating. A hermaphrodite (/ h ər ˈ m æ f r ə ˌ d aɪ t /) is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. [1] Animal species in which individuals are either male or female are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.
Gonochorism has evolved independently multiple times. [8] It is very evolutionarily stable in animals. [9] Its stability and advantages have received little attention. [10]: 46 Gonochorism owes its origin to the evolution of anisogamy, [11] but it is unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or gonochorism.
Every woman's personal experience of miscarriage is different, and women who have more than one miscarriage may react differently to each event. [ 145 ] In Western cultures since the 1980s, [ 145 ] medical providers assume that experiencing a miscarriage "is a major loss for all pregnant women". [ 123 ]
Going through the emotional loss of a miscarriage and joy of conceiving a rainbow baby is a roller coaster ride of a journey not just for women, but men too. How Miscarriage Affects Men, One ...
[2]: 124–125 Male mammals, reptiles, and certain other vertebrates transfer sperm into the female's vagina or cloaca through an intromittent organ during copulation. [3] [4] [5] In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. [6]
Since most aneuploidy events result in stillbirth or miscarriage, there is an evolutionary advantage to ending the pregnancy early, rather than nurturing a fetus that will later miscarry. There is evidence to show that some abnormalities in the developing embryo can be detected by endometrial stromal cells in the uterus, but only upon ...