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1972 — Jacob Bekenstein suggests that black holes have an entropy proportional to their surface area due to information loss effects; 1974 — Stephen Hawking applies quantum field theory to black hole spacetimes and shows that black holes will radiate particles with a black-body spectrum which can cause black hole evaporation
Extremal black hole – black hole with the minimal possible mass that can be compatible with a given charge and angular momentum. Black hole electron – if there were a black hole with the same mass and charge as an electron, it would share many of the properties of the electron including the magnetic moment and Compton wavelength.
The Black Hole Era is defined as "40 < n < 100". In this era, according to the book, organized matter will remain only in the form of black holes. Black holes themselves slowly "evaporate" away the matter contained in them, by the quantum mechanical process of Hawking radiation. By the end of this era, only extremely low-energy photons ...
A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 −24 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/c 2 would take less than 10 −88 ...
Depending on the model, primordial black holes could have initial masses ranging from 10 −8 kg [17] (the so-called Planck relics) to more than thousands of solar masses. . However, primordial black holes originally having masses lower than 10 11 kg would not have survived to the present due to Hawking radiation, which causes complete evaporation in a time much shorter than the age of the ...
For black holes, this manifests as Hawking radiation, and the larger question of how the black hole possesses a temperature is part of the topic of black hole thermodynamics. For accelerating particles, this manifests as the Unruh effect, which causes space around the particle to appear to be filled with matter and radiation.
By this time, if protons do decay, the Black Hole Era, in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins. [9] [139] 3.14×10 50 (314 quindecillion) The estimated time until a micro black hole of 1 Earth mass today, decays into subatomic particles by the emission of Hawking radiation. [145] 10 65 (100 vigintillion)
Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy is a 1994 popular science book by physicist Kip Thorne. It provides an illustrated overview of the history and development of black hole theory, from its roots in Newtonian mechanics until the early 1990s.