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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
List of Persian monarchs: Maurya Empire: 322 BC–184 BC Chakravarti ("ideal universal ruler") Samrat ("proper ruler") List of Mauryan emperors: Imperial China: 221 BC–1912 皇帝, pronounced Huángdì ("Godly ruler") List of Chinese emperors: Chola Empire: 848–1279 Chakravartigal [1] ("ideal universal ruler") List of Tamil monarchs: Khmer ...
The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (symbasileis) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the various usurpers ...
Japan has been ruled by emperors since antiquity.The sequence, order and dates of the early emperors are almost entirely based on the 8th-century Nihon Shoki, which was meant to retroactively legitimise the Imperial House by dating its foundation further back to the year 660 BC.
Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed. For example: in the year 1800, European powers collectively claimed approximately 20% of the Earth's land surface that they did not effectively control. [ 8 ]
Ulpius Marcellus - Jurist, lawyer, and possibly an advisor to the emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius [78] [79] Ulpius Marcellus - Consul and governor of Britannia [ 80 ] Ulpius Marcellus - Possibly fictitious, potentially the son of the Ulpius Marcellus who was a governor of Britannia [ 81 ]
List of emperors of the Ming dynasty; List of Yuan emperors; List of Northern Yuan khans; List of emperors of the Qing dynasty; Korea. List of monarchs of Korea;
They continued the tradition, dating from the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), of the ruling head of state being known as huangdi, or emperor. [6] In Chinese historical texts, emperors of the Yuan dynasty, along with the Tang and Song dynasties, are referred to by their temple names; they also had posthumous names and normally multiple era names. [7]