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2. Molecular model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

   The model shown to the left represents a ball-and-stick model of proline. The balls have colours: black represents carbon (C); red, oxygen (O); blue, nitrogen (N); and white, hydrogen (H). Each ball is drilled with as many holes as its conventional valence (C: 4; N: 3; O: 2; H: 1) directed towards the vertices of a tetrahedron. Single bonds are ...

3. Chemical equation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation

   A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]

4. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

   Another example is O(SiH 3) 2 with an Si–O–Si angle of 144.1°, which compares to the angles in Cl 2 O (110.9°), (CH 3) 2 O (111.7°), and N(CH 3) 3 (110.9°). [24] Gillespie and Robinson rationalize the Si–O–Si bond angle based on the observed ability of a ligand's lone pair to most greatly repel other electron pairs when the ligand ...

5. Chemical formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula

   For example, ethanol may be represented by the condensed chemical formula CH 3 CH 2 OH, and dimethyl ether by the condensed formula CH 3 OCH 3. These two molecules have the same empirical and molecular formulae ( C 2 H 6 O ), but may be differentiated by the condensed formulae shown, which are sufficient to represent the full structure of these ...

6. Atomic formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_formula

   An atomic formula or atom is simply a predicate applied to a tuple of terms; that is, an atomic formula is a formula of the form P (t 1,…, t n) for P a predicate, and the t n terms. All other well-formed formulae are obtained by composing atoms with logical connectives and quantifiers. For example, the formula ∀x. P (x) ∧ ∃y. Q (y, f (x ...

7. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

   This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.

8. Atomicity (chemistry) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomicity_(chemistry)

   Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in a molecule of an element. For example, each molecule of oxygen (O 2) is composed of two oxygen atoms.Therefore, the atomicity of oxygen is 2.

9. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

   [1] [2] [3] A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law after the first three laws had been established. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium ...