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In cryptography, a padding oracle attack is an attack which uses the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the underlying cryptographic primitive.
For example, suppose a user's application regularly sends messages of the same length, and the eavesdropper knows or can guess fact based on fingerprinting the user's application for example. Alternatively, an active attacker might be able to induce an endpoint to send messages regularly, such as if the victim is a public server. In such cases ...
A server uses it to deliver to the client (e.g. a web browser) a set of hashes of public keys that must appear in the certificate chain of future connections to the same domain name. For example, attackers might compromise a certificate authority, and then mis-issue certificates for a web origin. To combat this risk, the HTTPS web server serves ...
A schema migration is performed on a database whenever it is necessary to update or revert that database's schema to some newer or older version. Migrations are performed programmatically by using a schema migration tool. When invoked with a specified desired schema version, the tool automates the successive application or reversal of an ...
where the XOR operation is applied to byte strings of the same length, H(ClientKey) is a normal hash of ClientKey. 'Client Key' and 'Server Key' are verbatim strings. The server can authorize the client by computing ClientKey from ClientProof and then comparing H(ClientKey) with the stored value.
Migration, which focuses on the digital object itself, is the act of transferring, or rewriting data from an out-of-date medium to a current medium and has for many years been considered the only viable approach to long-term preservation of digital objects. [10] Reproducing brittle newspapers onto microfilm is an example of such migration.
S (signing) outputs a tag t on the key k and the input string x. V (verifying) outputs accepted or rejected on inputs: the key k, the string x and the tag t. S and V must satisfy the following: Pr [ k ← G(1 n), V( k, x, S(k, x) ) = accepted] = 1. [5] A MAC is unforgeable if for every efficient adversary A
Transparent Data Encryption (often abbreviated to TDE) is a technology employed by Microsoft, IBM and Oracle to encrypt database files. TDE offers encryption at file level. TDE enables the encryption of data at rest, encrypting databases both on the hard drive and consequently on backup media.