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Much has been written about the benefits of being alone, yet often, even when authors use the word "loneliness", they are referring to what could be more precisely described as voluntary solitude. Yet some assert that even long-term involuntary loneliness can have beneficial effects. [81] [7]
Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. In this view, the Dunning–Kruger effect is the thesis that those who are incompetent in a given area tend to be ignorant of their incompetence, i.e., they lack the metacognitive ability to become aware of their incompetence.
There are both positive and negative psychological effects of solitude. Much of the time, these effects and the longevity is determined by the amount of time a person spends in isolation . [ 11 ] The positive effects can range anywhere from more freedom to increased spirituality , [ 12 ] while the negative effects are socially depriving and may ...
[3] [4] [5] However, the term is sometimes depicted culturally as positive, and indicative of a degree of independence and responsibility. [ 6 ] Someone who is a recluse or romantically solitary can be referred to by the terms singleton and nonwedder .
Capacity to be alone is a developmentally acquired ability, considered by object relations theory to be a key to creative living. Julia Kristeva sees it as central to an authentic inner life, as well as to creative sublimations in life and art.
The first known research on the social loafing effect began in 1913 with Max Ringelmann's study. He found that, when he asked a group of men to pull on a rope, they did not pull as hard collectively as they did when each was pulling alone. This research did not distinguish whether this was the result of the individuals in a group putting in ...
Happiness, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some define it as experiencing the feeling of positive emotional affects, while avoiding the negative ones. [328] [329] Others see it as an appraisal of life satisfaction or quality of life. [330]
Environmental and situational effects on behaviour are influenced by psychological mechanisms within a person. [3] Personality also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. [4] [5] Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic.