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Toufic Fahd in the Brill Encyclopedia of Islam usually uses "magic as the translation of sihr", but "occasionally uses sorcery or witchcraft". [14] Fahd himself first defines sihr as that which leads its subject to "believe that what he sees is real when it is not", but also includes "everything that is known as 'white' or 'natural magic ' ".
Some beliefs, such as the belief in jinn and other aspects of Muslim occult culture, are rooted in the Quran and the culture of early Islamic cosmography. In the same way, shrine veneration and acceptance, and the promotion of saintly miracles, has intimate connections to structures of Islamic religious authority and piety in Islamic history. [3]
Belief in the supernatural creatures such as Jinn are both an integral part of Islamic belief, [5] and a common explanations in society "for evil, illness, health, wealth, and position in society as well as all mundane and inexplicable phenomena in between". Given the moral ambivalence ascribed to supernatural agents in Islamic tradition ...
A pair of fallen angels, Harut and Marut, are also mentioned to tempt people into learning sorcery. [Quran 2:102] Scholars of religious history have linked several magical practises in Islam with pre-Islamic Turkish and East African customs. Most notable of these customs is the Zār. [28] [18]
Ralph Merrifield, the British archaeologist credited as producing the first full-length volume dedicated to a material approach to magic, [2] defined the differences between religion and magic: "'Religion' is used to indicate the belief in supernatural or spiritual beings; 'magic', the use of practices intended to bring occult forces under ...
Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several pagan beliefs integrated into Islam. [2] [a] Islam places jinn and humans on the same plane in relation to God, both being subject to God's judgement and an afterlife. [4] The Quran condemns the pre-Islamic Arabian practice of worshipping or seeking protection from them. [5]
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The Islamic reaction towards magic did not condemn magic in general and distinguished between magic which can heal sickness and possession, and sorcery. The former is therefore a special gift from God , while the latter is achieved through help of Jinn and devils .