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A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving (see below). [1] [2]
Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), because, for a given mass of concrete, they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs, one-way slabs, and one-way joist slabs. [2] Section of a waffle slab including beam, ribs, and column head
A cable-stayed suspension bridge or CSS bridge merges the designs of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges.The suspension bridge's architecture is better at handling the load in the middle of the bridge, while the cable stayed bridge is better suited to handle the load closest to the tower.
Waffle slab foundations adhere to International Building Code requirements. By 2008, most states put into effect the changes adopted in the 2006 IBC and, in regards to foundations, the on-grade mat foundation has become a more attractive design because, as an engineered system, it already accommodates the 2008 design recommendations, and required no major modifications to bring it into compliance.
Suspended structures often allow much light to enter, because of the unobstructed interior. [5] A cable suspended structure: Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo. An example of a catenary-shaped suspended structure is the Eero Saarinen designed Dulles International Airport. The roof of the structure is made up of suspension cable which stretches ...
However, simple suspension bridge designs were made largely obsolete by the 19th century invention and patent of the suspended deck bridge by James Finley. [9] A late 18th century English painting of a bridge in Srinagar [citation needed], then part of the Garhwal Kingdom, anticipates the invention of the suspended deck bridge. This unusual ...
The precast concrete slab has tubular voids extending the full length of the slab, typically with a diameter equal to the 2/3–3/4 the thickness of the slab. This makes the slab much lighter than a massive solid concrete floor slab of equal thickness or strength. The reduced weight also lowers material and transportation costs.
Suspension bridge (more precisely, suspended-deck suspension bridge): the most familiar type. Though technically all the types listed here are suspension bridges, when unqualified with adjectives the term commonly refers to a suspended-deck suspension bridge. This type is suitable for use by heavy vehicles and light rail. The main cables are ...