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The marginal consumer is the one whose reservation price equals the seller's marginal cost. Sellers that engage in first degree price discrimination produce more product than they would otherwise. Hence first degree price discrimination can eliminate deadweight loss that occurs in monopolistic markets. [22]
First-degree price discrimination The business charges every consumer exactly how much they are willing to pay for the product. Assume the monopolist determines the price of the product based on the maximum amount of money a consumer is known to pay for any quantity of product that is exactly equal to the demand price for the product in order ...
Second-degree price discrimination occurs when firms can price products or services differently according to the number of units bought. Examples include quantity discounting, bulk pricing and two-for-one offers. [43] Third-degree price discrimination prices products or services differently based on the unique demographic of different groups ...
According to the degree of price difference, price discrimination can be divided into three levels. [11] Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. A firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination ...
Others have suggested that fractional pricing was first adopted as a control on employee theft. For cash transactions with a round price, there is a chance that a dishonest cashier will pocket the bill rather than record the sale. For cash transactions with a just-below price, the cashier must nearly always make change for the customer.
The three basic forms of price discrimination are first, second and third degree price discrimination. In first degree price discrimination the company charges the maximum price each customer is willing to pay. The maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a unit of the good is the reservation price.
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Predatory pricing is a commercial pricing strategy which involves the use of large scale undercutting to eliminate competition. This is where an industry dominant firm with sizable market power will deliberately reduce the prices of a product or service to loss-making levels to attract all consumers and create a monopoly. [1]