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In both the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) [1] and the USDA soil taxonomy, [2] a Histosol is a soil consisting primarily of organic materials. They are defined as having 40 centimetres (16 in) or more of organic soil material starting within 40 cm from the soil surface.
A sapric is a subtype of a histosol [1] where virtually all of the organic material has undergone sufficient decomposition to prevent the identification of plant parts and even fecal matter. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Muck is a sapric soil that is naturally waterlogged or is artificially drained.
Tropical peat is a type of histosol that is found in tropical latitudes, including South East Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. [2] Tropical peat mostly consists of dead organic matter from trees instead of spaghnum which are commonly found in temperate peat. [ 3 ]
A Psamment has no distinct soil horizons, and must consist entirely of material of loamy sand or coarser in texture. In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), most Psamments belong to the Arenosols. However, Psamments of fluviatile, lacustrine or marine origin belong to the Fluvisols. Psamments cover 3.4% of the global land mass.
Because soil organic matter accumulates in the upper layer, most Gelisols are black or dark brown in soil color, followed by a shallow mineral layer. Despite the influence of glaciation in most areas where Gelisols occur, chemically they are not highly fertile because nutrients , especially calcium and potassium , are very easily leached above ...
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.
The USDA soil taxonomy [16] and the Chinese soil taxonomy [17] call these soils Spodosols. [18] The Canadian system of soil classification matches Podzols with soils under the Podzolic order (e.g. Humo-Ferric Podzol). [19] [20] The Australian Soil Classification [21] uses the term Podosols. The Brazilian Soil Classification System [22] calls ...
Entisols are common in the paleopedological record ever since the Silurian; however, unlike other soil orders (oxisol, ultisol, gelisol, etc) they do not have value as indicators of climate. Orthents may, in some cases, be indicative of an extremely ancient landscape with very little soil formation (i.e., Australia today).