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[2]: 195 The highlights China's role in a hierarchical system centered around a single, central state. [3] Gong sheng, or symbiotic theory, is a view which has developed from the Chinese school. [2]: 198 Symbiotic theory holds that the world is inherently pluralistic and diverse, with multiple cultures, value systems, and civilizations.
Sinocentrism refers to a worldview that China is the cultural, political, or economic center of the world. [1] Sinocentrism was a core concept in various Chinese dynasties. The Chinese considered themselves to be "all-under-Heaven", ruled by the emperor, known as Son of Heaven. Those that lived outside of the Huaxia were regarded as "barbarians".
The essential argument of the world-system theory is that in the 16th century a capitalist world economy developed, which could be described as a world system. [56] The following is a theoretical critique concerned with the basic claims of world-system theory: "There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are ...
(3) Chinese Theories of Fiction: A Non-Western Narrative System (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2006). pp. 286. (Chinese translation by the Nanjing University Press 2022) (4) Chinese Theories of Reading and Writing: A Route to Hermeneutics and Open Poetics (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2005). pp. 334 ...
The basic version of the system reply argues that it is the "whole system" that understands Chinese. [62] [n] While the man understands only English, when he is combined with the program, scratch paper, pencils and file cabinets, they form a system that can understand Chinese. "Here, understanding is not being ascribed to the mere individual ...
Systems theory is manifest in the work of practitioners in many disciplines, for example the works of physician Alexander Bogdanov, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, linguist Béla H. Bánáthy, and sociologist Talcott Parsons; in the study of ecological systems by Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum; in Fritjof Capra's study of organizational theory; in the study of management by Peter Senge; in ...
Socialism with Chinese characteristics consists of a path, a theory, a system and a culture. The path outlines the policies guiding the CCP. The theory consists of Deng Xiaoping Theory, Three Represents (Jiang Zemin), Scientific Outlook on Development , and Xi Jinping Thought. According to CCP doctrine, Xi Jinping Thought is considered to ...
Zhou continued writing and publishing after the creation of pinyin; for example, his book The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts (中国语文的时代演进; zhōngguó yǔwén de shídài yǎnjìn), translated into English by Zhang Liqing, was published in 2003. [13]