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Citing inadequacies with current practices in listing authors of papers in medical research journals, Drummond Rennie and co-authors, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1997, called for: a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability.
Between about 1980-2010 the average number of authors in medical papers increased, and perhaps tripled. [18] One survey found that in mathematics journals over the first decade of the 2000s, "the number of papers with 2, 3 and 4+ authors increased by approximately 50%, 100% and 200%, respectively, while single author papers decreased slightly." [8]
The pandemic has also deepened the western monopoly of science-publishing, "by August 2021, at least 210,000 new papers on covid-19 had been published, according to a Royal Society study. Of the 720,000-odd authors of these papers, nearly 270,000 were from the US, the UK, Italy or Spain." [17]
Content usually takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, or book reviews.The purpose of an academic journal, according to Henry Oldenburg (the first editor of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge ...
The owner of an academic journal has ultimate power over the hiring and firing of editorial staff; [16] editors' interests in pleasing their employers conflict with some of their other editorial interests. [17] [18] Journals are also more likely to accept papers by authors who work for the journals' hosting institutions. [19] [20]
It is a piece of progressing proficient practice assessment and centered proficient practice assessment—significant supporters of supplier credentialing and privileging. [21] Peer evaluation of clinical teaching skills for both physicians and nurses. [22] [23] Scientific peer review of journal articles.
The paper will typically end with an acknowledgments section, giving proper attribution to any other contributors besides the main author(s). To get published, papers must go through peer review by experts with significant knowledge in the field. During this process, papers may get rejected or edited without adequate justification. [41]
The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a citation graph, as pointed out by Derek J. de Solla Price in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers". [4] This means that citation analysis draws on aspects of social network analysis and network science.