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De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2] Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43) US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador ...
Fixed currency Anchor currency Rate (anchor / fixed) Abkhazian apsar: Russian ruble: 0.1 Alderney pound (only coins) [1]: Pound sterling: 1 Aruban florin: U.S. dollar: 1.79
The State Bank of Pakistan then stabilized the exchange rate by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, to preserve the country's export competitiveness. 2008 was termed a disastrous year for the rupee after the elections: between December 2007 and August 2008, it lost 23% of its value, falling to a record low of Rs.79/ 20 against the US ...
This is a list of tables showing the historical timeline of the exchange rate for the Indian rupee (INR) against the special drawing rights unit (SDR), United States dollar (USD), pound sterling (GBP), Deutsche mark (DM), euro (EUR) and Japanese yen (JPY). The rupee was worth one shilling and sixpence in sterling in 1947.
The market convention is to quote most exchange rates against the USD with the US dollar as the base currency (e.g. USDJPY, USDCAD, USDCHF). The exceptions are the British pound (GBP), Australian dollar (AUD), the New Zealand dollar (NZD) and the euro (EUR) where the USD is the counter currency (e.g. GBPUSD, AUDUSD, NZDUSD, EURUSD).
Bhutto's government faced with many difficult problems experienced by Pakistan's economy including the low productivity combined with a high rate of monetary in circulation. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] As response to this, Bhutto devalued the national currency and announced the new labour policy at an instance. [ 6 ]
Following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices, Pakistan's economy could not withstand the pressure, and on 11 October 2008, the State Bank of Pakistan reported that the country's foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 million to $7,749.7 million. [64]
The Karachi Interbank Offered Rate (KIBOR) is a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the Karachi wholesale (or "interbank") money market. [1] The banks used it as a benchmark in their lending to corporate sector. [2]