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The bent "stick" on the left of the tooth is a piece of gutta percha being used to trace the defect. In dentistry, a furcation defect is bone loss, usually a result of periodontal disease, affecting the base of the root trunk of a tooth where two or more roots meet (bifurcation or trifurcation). The extent and configuration of the defect are ...
The bone destruction patterns that occur as a result of periodontal disease generally take on characteristic forms. This X-ray film displays a horizontal defect . This X-ray film displays two lone-standing mandibular teeth, #21 and #22: the lower left first premolar and canine, exhibiting severe bone loss of 30-50%.
Based on positive clinical results of regeneration in periodontology research in the 1980s, research began to focus on the potential for re-building alveolar bone defects using guided bone regeneration. The theory of Guided tissue regeneration has been challenged in dentistry. The GBR principle was first examined by Dahlin et al. in 1988 on rats.
Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.
During this time, the signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases were firmly established. [15] Rather than a single disease entity, periodontal disease is a combination of multiple disease processes that share a common clinical manifestation. The cause includes both local and systemic factors.
Although tooth eruption occurs at different times for different people, a general eruption timeline exists. The tooth buds of baby teeth start to develop around 6 weeks of pregnancy. Adult teeth buds start forming around 4 months of pregnancy. The entire tooth will start to form from the crown down to the root. [8]
Fibroblasts are involved developing the periodontal ligament which connect teeth to the alveolar bone through cementum. [9] NGF-R is present in the condensing ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla in the early cap stage tooth germ [10] and plays multiple roles during morphogenetic and cytodifferentiation events in the tooth.