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The First Opium War broke out in 1839 between China and Britain and was fought over trading rights (including the right of free trade) and Britain's diplomatic status among Chinese officials. In the eighteenth century, China enjoyed a trade surplus with Europe, trading porcelain, silk, and tea in exchange for silver.
The British went to war because of Chinese military threats to defenceless British civilians, including women and children; because China refused to negotiate on terms of diplomatic equality and because China refused to open more ports than Guangzhou to trade, not just with Britain but with everybody.
Treaty ports (Chinese: 商埠; Japanese: 条約港) were the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Qing dynasty of China (before the First Sino-Japanese War) and the Empire of Japan.
"Second Opium War" refers to one of Britain's strategic objectives, legalizing the opium trade. [9] China's defeat also opened up all of China to British merchants, and exempted foreign imports from internal transit duties. "Arrow War" refers to the name of the vessel which became the starting point of the conflict. [10]
Port of Aden ceded to Britain Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) Ottoman Empire British Empire: Egypt Eyalet Kingdom of the French Spain: British Allied victory. Egypt renounced its claim to Syria. First Opium War (1839–1842) United Kingdom Qing dynasty: British victory. Treaty of Nanking: Five Chinese ports open to foreign trade
These included the First Opium War (1839–1842), Second Opium War (1856–1860), Sino-French War (1884–1885), First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), and Russian invasion of Manchuria (1900). [18] The Eight Nation Alliance 's suppression of the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) would lead to participants being rewarded with concessions taken from ...
Later on, the sudden ban on Spanish silver imports to China imposed by the Qing dynasty after defeating the Ming in 1644, [44] along with a long period of economic stagnation and recession due to famines and bad financial policies back in Spain, simultaneously combined with devastating losses sustained towards the end of the Thirty Years' War ...
The superiority of Western militaries and military technology like steamboats and Congreve rockets forced China to open trade with the West on Western terms. [2] The Second Opium War also known as the Arrow War, in 1856-60 saw a joint Anglo-French military mission including Great Britain and the French Empire win an easy victory.