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The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins, found in virtually all families of plants. Larger polyphenols are often concentrated in leaf tissue, the epidermis, bark layers, flowers and fruits but also play important roles in the decomposition of forest litter, and nutrient cycles in forest ecology.
Tannins are mainly physically located in the vacuoles or surface wax of plants. These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators, but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive. Tannins are classified as ergastic substances, i.e., non-protoplasm materials found in cells. Tannins, by ...
Tannins are then released into the vacuole and stored inside as tannin accretions. They are responsible for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols . Tannosomes condense tannins in chlorophyllous organs, providing defenses against herbivores and pathogens, and protection against UV radiation.
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.
In plants, VirA is a protein histidine kinase which senses certain sugars and phenolic compounds. These compounds are typically found from wounded plants, and as a result VirA is used by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to locate potential host organisms for infection. [95]
Excretory idioblasts store oils, lipids, tannins, mucilage, and minerals. [3] They are currently under research for their storage of the important medicinal qualities of plants. Selective culturing of excretory idioblasts allows better harvesting of their stored products. Tracheoid idioblasts strongly resemble tracheids, or water-conducting cells.
The amount and viscosity of the mucilage are important nattō characteristics, contributing to nattō's unique taste and smell. The mucilage of two kinds of insectivorous plants , sundew ( Drosera ) [ 9 ] and butterwort ( Pinguicula ) , [ 10 ] is used for the traditional production of a variant of the yogurt -like Swedish dairy product called ...
Procyanidin content in dietary supplements has not been well documented. [26] Pycnogenol is a dietary supplement derived from extracts from maritime pine bark that contains 70% procyanidins, and is marketed with claims it can treat many conditions.