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Dantrolene sodium, sold under the brand name Dantrium among others, is a postsynaptic muscle relaxant that lessens excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] It achieves this by inhibiting Ca 2+ ions release from sarcoplasmic reticulum stores by antagonizing ryanodine receptors . [ 8 ]
Major adverse effects of dantrolene include general muscle weakness, sedation, and occasionally hepatitis. [ 5 ] Other common spasmolytic agents include: methocarbamol , carisoprodol , chlorzoxazone , cyclobenzaprine , gabapentin , metaxalone , and orphenadrine .
Side effects of thiocolchicoside can include nausea, allergy and vasovagal reactions. [15] Liver injury, pancreatitis, seizures, blood cell disorders, severe cutaneous disorders, rhabdomyolysis, and reproductive disorders have all been recorded in the French and European pharmacovigilance databases and in the periodic updates that the companies concerned submit to regulatory agencies.
After weighing its questionable benefits against its possible adverse effects (including nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness and prolonged duration of action of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents [32]), experts no longer recommend the use of prophylactic dantrolene prior to trigger-free general anesthesia in MH-susceptible patients. [30]
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare [5] [6] but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotics (neuroleptic) or other drugs that block the effects of dopamine. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Symptoms include high fever , confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate. [ 1 ]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
Unna et al. reported the effects of tubocurarine on humans: Forty-five seconds after the beginning of the injection, heaviness of the eyelids and transitory diplopia were perceived. At the completion of the injection, diplopia became fixed, but could be noticed only when the subject's eyelids were raised by the operator.
Side effects of nandrolone esters include masculinization among others. [8] In women, nandrolone and nandrolone esters have been reported to produce increased libido , acne , facial and body hair growth , voice changes , and clitoral enlargement . [ 20 ]