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In American law, the unitary executive theory is a Constitutional law theory according to which the President of the United States has sole authority over the executive branch. [1] It is "an expansive interpretation of presidential power that aims to centralize greater control over the government in the White House". [2]
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, [1] [2] stating he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM).
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. [1]
The Russian school of constitutional economics was created in the early twenty-first century with the idea that constitutional economics allows for a combined economic and constitutional analysis in the legislative (especially budgetary) process, thus helping to overcome arbitrariness in the economic and financial decision-making.
An authoritarian military dictatorship ruled Chile for seventeen years, between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990. The dictatorship was established after the democratically elected socialist government of Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état backed by the United States on 11 September 1973.
The proclamation marked the onset [1] [2] of a 14-year period of authoritarian rule, which would include eight years of Martial Law (de jure ending on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation No. 2045), [3] [4] but not de facto : followed by six more years where Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator. [5] [6]
The 1973 Philippine martial law referendum was a national referendum in which the citizens' assemblies voted for: . The ratification of the 1973 Constitution; The suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly provided in the transitory provisions of the 1973 Constitution