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The Four Prism Dioptre Reflex Test (also known as the 4 PRT, or 4 Prism Dioptre Base-out Test) is an objective, non-dissociative test used to prove the alignment of both eyes (i.e. the presence of binocular single vision) by assessing motor fusion. [1] Through the use of a 4 dioptre base out prism, diplopia is induced which is the driving force ...
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
Esotropia is a condition in which one or both eyes deviate inward, causing a cross-eyed appearance. It can be constant or intermittent, and has different types and causes, such as hyperopia, congenital, or accommodative factors.
This test is designed to assess the following: the limits of a patient's BSV; strength of binocular functions (control) of a heterophoria to determine if it is decompensating [5] fusional convergence with a base out prism; fusional divergence with a base in prism; vertical amplitude with base up and base down prisms
A fixation disparity is not constant within a certain observer, but can vary depending on the viewing conditions. If test prisms with increasing amount are placed in front of the observer’s eyes, the fixation disparity changes in the eso direction with base-in prisms and in the exo direction with base-out prisms (Fig. 3).
The Hirschberg test, also known as the Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a method to assess ocular misalignment by observing the light reflex on the cornea. It can detect exotropia, esotropia, hypertropia or hypotropia and is used in optometry and ophthalmology.
Vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision. Learn about the different types of vergence, such as convergence, divergence and fusional vergence, and the common vergence dysfunctions that affect eye alignment and vision.
Infantile esotropia is a type of esotropia (inward eye turn) that occurs in early childhood. Learn about its presentation, causes, diagnosis, treatment and controversies from this comprehensive article.