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  2. Crystal growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_growth

    An example of the cubic crystals typical of the rock-salt structure [broken anchor]. Time-lapse of growth of a citric acid crystal. The video covers an area of 2.0 by 1.5 mm and was captured over 7.2 min. The interface between a crystal and its vapor can be molecularly sharp at temperatures well below the melting point.

  3. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Solubility of the system Na 2 SO 4 – H 2 O. So, whenever the conditions are favorable, crystal formation results from simply cooling the solution. Here cooling is a relative term: austenite crystals in a steel form well above 1000 °C. An example of this crystallization process is the production of Glauber's salt, a crystalline form of sodium ...

  4. X-ray crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography

    Crystals used in X-ray crystallography may be smaller than a millimeter across. Although crystallography can be used to characterize the disorder in an impure or irregular crystal, crystallography generally requires a pure crystal of high regularity to solve the structure of a complicated arrangement of atoms.

  5. Composition of the human body - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body

    The main elements that comprise the human body (including water) can be summarized as CHNOPS. Element Symbol percent mass percent atoms Oxygen O 65.0 24.0 Carbon C 18.5 12.0 Hydrogen H 9.5 62.0 Nitrogen N 2.6 1.1 Calcium Ca 1.3 0.22 Phosphorus P 0.6 0.22 Sulfur S 0.3 0.038 Potassium K 0.2 0.03 Sodium Na 0.2 0.037 Chlorine Cl 0.2 0.024 Magnesium Mg

  6. Crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography

    Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects.

  7. Crystallization of polymers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization_of_polymers

    Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. [1] [2] Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation ...

  8. Protein crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_crystallization

    Developing protein crystals is a difficult process influenced by many factors, including pH, temperature, ionic strength in the crystallization solution, and even gravity. [3] Once formed, these crystals can be used in structural biology to study the molecular structure of the protein, particularly for various industrial or medical purposes. [4 ...

  9. Czochralski method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_method

    The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones.