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Although benzodiazepines can put people to sleep, while asleep, the drugs disrupt sleep architecture, decreasing sleep time, delayed and decreased REM sleep, increased alpha and beta activity, decreased K complexes and delta activity, and decreased deep slow-wave sleep (i.e., NREM stages 3 and 4, the most restorative part of sleep for both ...
Tolerance occurs to the muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, and sleep-inducing effects of benzodiazepines, and upon cessation a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome occurs. This can lead to benzodiazepines being taken for longer than originally intended, as people continue to take the drugs over a long period of time to suppress withdrawal symptoms.
The effectiveness of clonazepam in the short-term treatment of panic disorder has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials. Some long-term trials have suggested a benefit of clonazepam for up to three years without the development of tolerance. [33] Clonazepam is also effective in the management of acute mania. [34]
Treatment for withdrawal usually involves weaning over a 3- to 21-day period if the infusion lasted for more than a week. [134] Symptoms include tremors, agitation, sleeplessness, inconsolable crying, diarrhea and sweating. In total, over fifty withdrawal symptoms are listed in this review article.
According to the Government of Victoria's (Australia) Department of Health, long-term use can cause "impaired thinking or memory loss, anxiety and depression, irritability, paranoia, aggression, etc." [9] A minority of people have paradoxical reactions after taking benzodiazepines such as worsened agitation or panic. [8]
Before starting a treatment with clonazepam, a screening for obstructive sleep apnea should performed. [22] However, clonazepam needs to be manipulated carefully because of its significant side effects, i.e., morning confusion or memory impairment, [22] mainly in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia. [26]
There’s a difference between being totally over your day and sundowning. In addition to the symptoms listed above, sundowning can include verbal or even physical outbursts, Elhelou says.
A confusional arousal (also known as sleep drunkenness or severe sleep inertia) is medical condition where a person awakened from sleep shows mental confusion for at least several minutes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Complete or partial amnesia of the episodes may be present.