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Iron is the outlier at 1538 °C (2800 °F), [21] making it far more difficult to melt in antiquity. Cultures developed ironworking proficiency at different rates; however, evidence from the Near East suggests that smelting was possible but impractical circa 1500 BC, and relatively commonplace across most of Eurasia by 500 BC. [ 22 ]
Yellin Studio in 1915. Samuel Yellin was born to a Jewish family in Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Ukraine in the Russian Empire in 1884. At the age of eleven, he was apprenticed to a master ironsmith.
Subsequently other manufacturers produced ironstone, [12] with James Edwards (1805–1867) of the Dalehall Pottery in Staffordshire also credited as its pioneer. [16] Other sources also attribute the invention of ironstone to William Turner of Longton, [ 17 ] and Josiah Spode [ 18 ] who is known to have been producing ironstone ware by 1805 ...
In China, blast furnaces produced cast iron, which was then either converted into finished implements in a cupola furnace, or turned into wrought iron in a fining hearth. [34] If iron ores are heated with carbon to 1420–1470 K, a molten liquid is formed, an alloy of about 96.5% iron and 3.5% carbon.
[12] [32] Initially the items were purely utilitarian such as tools, locks, horseshoes and tools. [31] [33] Later in the colonial period, iron began to be used in other ways, including decorative elements in churches and mansions such as railings and balconies. [12] The height of traditional Mexican ironworking was in the 17 and 18th centuries ...
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Recent excavations in Middle Ganga Valley done by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE. [5] Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in the state of Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE – 1200 BCE.
A collection of vintage cast iron cookware. Most of the major manufacturers of cast iron cookware in the United States began production in the late 1800s or early 1900s. Cast-iron cookware and stoves were especially popular among homemakers and housekeepers during the first half of the 20th century.