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A valuation multiple [1] is simply an expression of market value of an asset relative to a key statistic that is assumed to relate to that value. To be useful, that statistic – whether earnings, cash flow or some other measure – must bear a logical relationship to the market value observed; to be seen, in fact, as the driver of that market value.
Leverage is defined as the ratio of the asset value to the cash needed to purchase it. The leverage cycle can be defined as the procyclical expansion and contraction of leverage over the course of the business cycle. The existence of procyclical leverage amplifies the effect on asset prices over the business cycle.
When < we see an effect, commonly observed in equity markets, where the volatility of a stock increases as its price falls and the leverage ratio increases. [3] Conversely, in commodity markets, we often observe γ > 1 {\displaystyle \gamma >1} , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] whereby the volatility of the price of a commodity tends to increase as its price ...
Deleveraging of an economy refers to the simultaneous reduction of leverage level in multiple private and public sectors, lowering the total debt to nominal GDP ratio of the economy. Almost every major financial crisis in modern history has been followed by a significant period of deleveraging, which lasts six to seven years on average.
Investors can use homemade leverage to change an unleveraged firm into a leveraged firm. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] According to the Corporate Finance Institute , "the founding philosophy of homemade leverage is the Modigliani–Miller theorem , which assumes an efficient market and the absence of corporate taxes and bankruptcy costs."
Partial leverage (PL) is a measure of the contribution of the individual independent variables to the total leverage of each observation. That is, PL is a measure of how h i i {\displaystyle h_{ii}} changes as a variable is added to the regression model.
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The trading strategy is developed by the following methods: Automated trading; by programming or by visual development. Trading Plan Creation; by creating a detailed and defined set of rules that guide the trader into and through the trading process with entry and exit techniques clearly outlined and risk, reward parameters established from the outset.