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Institutional discrimination is discriminatory treatment of an individual or group of individuals by institutions, through unequal consideration of members of subordinate groups. Societal discrimination is discrimination by society. These unfair and indirect methods of discrimination are often embedded in an institution's policies, procedures ...
Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole, through unequal selection or bias, intentional or unintentional; as opposed to individuals making a conscious choice to discriminate.
Structural discrimination is a form of institutional discrimination against individuals of a given protected characteristic, such as race, gender, caste, which has the effect of restricting their opportunities. It may be either intentional or unintentional, and it may involve either public or private institutional policies.
Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups. [1]
Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]". [3] Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the UK's Lawrence report (1999) as: "The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate ...
Aggregated individual discrimination (ordinary discrimination) Aggregated institutional discrimination (by governmental and business institutions) State terrorism (e.g., police violence, death squads) Behavioural asymmetry [23] Deference–systematic outgroup favouritism (minorities favour members of dominant group)
Structural inequality occurs when the fabric of organizations, institutions, governments or social networks contains an embedded cultural, linguistic, economic, religious/belief, physical or identity based bias which provides advantages for some members and marginalizes or produces disadvantages for other members.
This bias may not necessarily stem from intentional prejudice or discrimination but rather from the adherence to established rules and norms by the majority. [ 1 ] Systemic bias includes institutional, systemic, and structural bias which can lead to institutional racism , which is a type of racism that is integrated into the laws, norms, and ...