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Visual Analytics for Sense-making in Criminal Intelligence Analysis (VALCRI) is a software tool that helps investigators to find related or relevant information in several criminal databases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The software uses big data processes to aggregate information from a wide array of different sources and formats and compiles it into visual ...
Critical appraisal (or quality assessment) in evidence based medicine, is the use of explicit, transparent methods to assess the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions, generalizability and risk-of-bias.
An asymmetric funnel indicates a relationship between treatment effect estimate and study precision. This suggests the possibility of either publication bias or a systematic difference between studies of higher and lower precision (typically ‘small study effects’). Asymmetry can also arise from use of an inappropriate effect measure.
A visualization of scientific outputs by field in OpenAlex. [94] A study can be part of multiple fields ... Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool [141] and RetractionWatch.
There are more than 80 tools available to assess the quality and risk of bias in observational studies reflecting the diversity of research approaches between fields. [36] [37] [38] These tools usually include an assessment of how dependent variables were measured, appropriate selection of participants, and appropriate control for confounding ...
The COMPAS software uses an algorithm to assess potential recidivism risk. Northpointe created risk scales for general and violent recidivism, and for pretrial misconduct. According to the COMPAS Practitioner's Guide, the scales were designed using behavioral and psychological constructs "of very high relevance to recidivism and criminal careers."
John Tukey expanded on the technique in 1958 and proposed the name "jackknife" because, like a physical jack-knife (a compact folding knife), it is a rough-and-ready tool that can improvise a solution for a variety of problems even though specific problems may be more efficiently solved with a purpose-designed tool. [2]
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.