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The main 50/60 Hz transformer used to convert between line voltage and battery voltage needs to provide two slightly different turns ratios: One to convert the battery output voltage (typically a multiple of 12 V) to line voltage, and a second one to convert the line voltage to a slightly higher battery charging voltage (such as a multiple of ...
A simple voltage dropper can be used to reduce the voltage for low-power devices; if more than 12V is required, or for high-powered devices, a switched-mode power supply is used. The output will usually be DC in the range 1.5–24 V. Power supplies that output either 100–120 V AC or 210–240 V AC are available; they are called inverters ...
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously. It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage battery. Should there be a dropout or failure of the mains, the battery instantly takes over so that the load never experiences an interruption.
For this reason, the two inductors can be wound on the same core, which begins to resemble a flyback converter, the most basic of the transformer-isolated switched-mode power supply topologies. Since the voltages are the same in magnitude, their effects on the mutual inductance will be zero, assuming the polarity of the windings is correct.
A planar transformer Exploded view: the spiral primary "winding" on one side of the PCB (the spiral secondary "winding" is on the other side of the PCB) Manufacturers either use flat copper sheets or etch spiral patterns on a printed circuit board to form the "windings" of a planar transformer, replacing the turns of wire used to make other ...
Another way to avoid the transformer inrush current is a "transformer switching relay". This does not need time for cool down. It can also deal with power-line half-wave voltage dips and is short-circuit-proof. This technique is important for IEC 61000-4-11 tests. Another option, particularly for high-voltage circuits, is to use a pre-charge ...
The line to neutral voltage is half the line-to-line voltage. Lighting and small appliances may be connected between a line wire and the neutral. Higher-power appliances, such as cooking equipment, space heating, water heaters, clothes dryers, air conditioners and electric vehicle charging equipment, are connected to the two line conductors.
A battery eliminator is an adapter intended to allow a device intended for battery operation, such as a radio, to be operated from an AC outlet. [10] All radios, except crystal sets, used inconvenient and messy vacuum tube batteries until the mid- to late-1920s. Battery eliminators that plugged into light sockets became very popular. [11]
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