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Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and directly back to the plasma membrane. Mutations in retromer and its associated proteins have been linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Once the phosphodiester has been formed the lysosomal enzyme will be translocated through the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi. In the trans-Golgi a phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.45) will remove the GlcNAc residue exposing the mannose 6-phosphate tag, allowing the lysosomal enzymes to bind to the CI-MPR and the CD
Golgi apparatus membrane protein TVP23 homolog B is a protein encoded by the gene TVP23B. This gene has two paralog in the human genome, TVP23C, which is located on chromosome 17 at 17p12, and TVP23A, which is located on chromosome 16. The duplication appears to have appeared after the MRCA of humans and apes.
VPS35 binds with other proteins to form the retromer, an evolutionarily conserved complex that plays a major role in transmembrane protein recycling from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network . [1] [6] [7] [8] VPS35 itself folds into a secondary structure that represents an α-helical solenoid, containing 34 α-helix repeats. [16]
The protein encoded by this gene may control steps in the cycling of proteins through the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. Mutations in this gene cause the autosomal recessive disorder, chorea acanthocytosis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants. [7]
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ note 1 ] Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle , different intracellular membranes , the plasma membrane , or to the exterior of the cell via secretion .
This gene belongs to a group of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes. The encoded protein is a component of a large multimeric complex, termed the retromer complex, involved in retrograde transport of proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. The close structural similarity between the yeast and human proteins that make up this ...
The Rab family of proteins is a member of the Ras superfamily of small G proteins. [1] Approximately 70 types of Rabs have now been identified in humans. [2] Rab proteins generally possess a GTPase fold, which consists of a six-stranded beta sheet which is flanked by five alpha helices.