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The cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Some may have no symptoms. [ 6 ] Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence , or frequent urination . [ 1 ]
The most distal prolapse is between 1 cm above and 1 cm below the hymen (at least one point is −1, 0, or +1). 3: The most distal prolapse is more than 1 cm below the hymen but no further than 2 cm less than TVL. 4: Represents complete procidentia or vault eversion; the most distal prolapse protrudes to at least (TVL−2) cm.
The degree of organ prolapse is assessed relative to the hiatus. The grading for organ prolapse relative to the hiatus is more strict. Any descent below the hiatus is considered abnormal, and descent greater than 4 cm is considered severe. [6] Ultrasound can also be used to diagnose pelvic floor dysfunction.
[5] [6] The cause may also be a number of poorly understood conditions that may represent abnormal psychoneuromuscular function. The role of the nervous system in the genesis and moderation of pain is explored. [7] The importance of psychological factors is discussed, both as a primary cause of pain and as a factor which affects the pain ...
However, the association between this type of prolapse and vaginal introital laxity is still unclear due to the lack of related data. [2] POP includes (a) the falling out of vagina, bladder and other genito-pelvic structures, (b) vaginal tissue bulging into and through the introitus, or (c) the prolapse of rectal tissues into the vaginal area. [8]
A pelvic organ prolapse can occur when the muscles and tissues surrounding the bladder, uterus, vagina, small bowel, and rectum stop working properly to hold the organs in place and the organs begin to drop outside the body. The most common cause of such prolapse is childbirth, usually multiple births.
Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes. Urologic causes can be classified as either bladder dysfunction or urethral sphincter incompetence and may include detrusor overactivity, poor bladder compliance, urethral hypermobility, or intrinsic sphincter deficiency.
Surgery involving the rectum (e.g. lower anterior resection, often performed for colorectal cancer), radiotherapy directed at the rectum, and inflammatory bowel disease can cause scarring, which may result in the walls of the rectum becoming stiff and inelastic, reducing compliance. Reduced rectal storage capacity may lead to urge incontinence ...