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  2. Volume fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_fraction

    The volume of such a mixture is slightly less than the sum of the volumes of the components. Thus, by the above definition, the term "40% alcohol by volume" refers to a mixture of 40 volume units of ethanol with enough water to make a final volume of 100 units, rather than a mixture of 40 units of ethanol with 60 units of water.

  3. Alcohol by volume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume

    Volume fraction, which is widely used in chemistry (commonly denoted as v/v), is defined as the volume of a particular component divided by the sum of all components in the mixture when they are measured separately. For example, to make 100 mL of 50% alc/vol ethanol solution, water would be added to 50 mL of ethanol to make up exactly 100 mL.

  4. Mass concentration (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)

    In chemistry, the mass concentration ρ i (or γ i) is defined as the mass of a constituent m i divided by the volume of the mixture V. [1]= For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixture.

  5. Dilution (equation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_(equation)

    V = air or gas volume of the closed space or room in cubic feet, cubic metres or litres; Q = ventilation rate into or out of the room in cubic feet per minute, cubic metres per hour or litres per second; C initial = initial concentration of a vapor inside the room measured in ppm; C final = final reduced concentration of the vapor inside the ...

  6. Proton radius puzzle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_radius_puzzle

    The proton radius puzzle is an unanswered problem in physics relating to the size of the proton. [1] Historically the proton charge radius was measured by two independent methods, which converged to a value of about 0.877 femtometres (1 fm = 10 −15 m).

  7. Diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

    The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, statistics, data science, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, data and price values). The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: a substance or collection undergoing diffusion ...

  8. Dew point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point

    The dew point of a given body of air is the temperature to which it must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. This temperature depends on the pressure and water content of the air.

  9. Rapidity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidity

    Rapidity is the value of artanh(v / c) for velocity v and speed of light c. In special relativity, the classical concept of velocity is converted to rapidity to accommodate the limit determined by the speed of light. Velocities must be combined by Einstein's velocity-addition formula. For low speeds, rapidity and velocity are almost exactly ...