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A vinculum (from Latin vinculum ' fetter, chain, tie ') is a horizontal line used in mathematical notation for various purposes. It may be placed as an overline or underline above or below a mathematical expression to group the expression's elements.
An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text. In old mathematical notation, an overline was called a vinculum, a notation for grouping symbols which is expressed in modern notation by parentheses, though it persists for symbols under a radical sign.
Vinculum (symbol), a horizontal line used in mathematical notation for a specific purpose; Vinculum, a piece of Borg technology featured in the Star Trek:Voyager episode "Infinite Regress" Vinculum juris, a Latin phrase meaning "the chain of the law", which denotes that something is legally binding; Ligamen, a concept in Catholic canon law
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title.
The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then โ, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand". [48] According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I, X, ๐ and Φ (or ⊕) and the intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V, half a ๐ is โ and half a Φ/⊕ ...
In medieval times, the symbols to represent words were widely used; and the initial symbols, as few as 140 according to some sources, were increased to 14,000 by the Carolingians, who used them in conjunction with other abbreviations. However, the alphabet notation had a "murky existence" (C. Burnett), as it was often associated with witchcraft ...
The Latin and Greek alphabets are used extensively, but a few letters of other alphabets are also used sporadically, such as the Hebrew โ โ , Cyrillic ะจ, and Hiragana ใ. Uppercase and lowercase letters are considered as different symbols. For Latin alphabet, different typefaces also provide different symbols.