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Stata's proprietary output language is known as SMCL, which stands for Stata Markup and Control Language and is pronounced "smickle". [10] Stata's data format is always tabular in format. Stata refers to the columns of tabular data as variables.
Format is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the print format string.It provides more functionality than print, allowing the user to output numbers in various formats (including, for instance: hex, binary, octal, roman numerals, and English), apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures ...
COBOL uses the STRING statement to concatenate string variables. MATLAB and Octave use the syntax "[x y]" to concatenate x and y. Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET can also use the "+" sign but at the risk of ambiguity if a string representing a number and a number are together. Microsoft Excel allows both "&" and the function "=CONCATENATE(X,Y)".
Strings admit the following interpretation as nodes on a graph, where k is the number of symbols in Σ: Fixed-length strings of length n can be viewed as the integer locations in an n-dimensional hypercube with sides of length k-1. Variable-length strings (of finite length) can be viewed as nodes on a perfect k-ary tree.
In computer science, a literal is a textual representation (notation) of a value as it is written in source code. [1] [2] Almost all programming languages have notations for atomic values such as integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, and usually for Booleans and characters; some also have notations for elements of enumerated types and compound values such as arrays, records, and objects.
Many statistical and data processing systems have functions to convert between these two presentations, for instance the R programming language has several packages such as the tidyr package.
For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string.
The choice of a variable name should be mnemonic — that is, designed to indicate to the casual observer the intent of its use. One-character variable names should be avoided except for temporary "throwaway" variables. Common names for temporary variables are i, j, k, m, and n for integers; c, d, and e for characters. int i;