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Environmental Protection Agency illustration of the water cycle of hydraulic fracturing. Fracking in the United States began in 1949. [1] According to the Department of Energy (DOE), by 2013 at least two million oil and gas wells in the US had been hydraulically fractured, and that of new wells being drilled, up to 95% are hydraulically fractured.
Hydraulic fracturing [a] is a well stimulation technique involving the fracturing of formations in bedrock by a pressurized liquid. The process involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep rock formations through which natural gas, petroleum ...
A type of fracking technique called slickwater fracking was used in Texas in 1998 to complete natural gas wells in the Barnett Shale. [121] This type of completion was made possible by a number of advances in directional drilling and microseismic 3-dimensional imaging supported by the Department of Energy and other federal agencies, [ 122 ...
Later the methane was linked to nearby fracking operations. [174] [175] January 1, 2015 – Irving, earthquake [176] May 7, 2015 - An oil tank battery caught fire, north of Whitesboro. [177] May 19, 2015 – Fracking well blew out in Karnes County, Texas, spraying a toxic mix of chemicals, and forcing the evacuation of 20 families. [178] [179]
Fracking in Canada was first used in Alberta in 1953 to extract hydrocarbons from the giant Pembina oil field, the biggest conventional oil field in Alberta, which would have produced very little oil without fracturing. Since then, over 170,000 oil and gas wells have been fractured in Western Canada.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolf, Naomi. The end of America : a letter of warning to a young patriot / Naomi Wolf. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-933392-79-0 1. Civil rights—United States. 2. Abuse of administrative power—United States. 3. National security—United States. 4.
US shale gas basins, 2011. Shale gas in the United States is an available source of unconventional natural gas.Led by new applications of hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling, development of new sources of shale gas has offset declines in production from conventional gas reservoirs, and has led to major increases in reserves of U.S. natural gas.