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The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) definition of insecticide resistance is ' a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species '. [3]
A weed that develops resistance to one herbicide typically has resistance to other herbicides with the same mode of action (MoA), so herbicides with different MoAs, or different resistance groups, are needed. Preventative weed resistance management rotates herbicide types to prevent selective breeding of resistance to the same mode of action.
One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve herbicide resistance, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. [59]
According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in 1988 [189] – the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia [190] – by 2014 Lolium rigidum was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed" with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of ...
Herbicide resistance in weeds has rapidly developed into new, increasingly challenging forms as the plants continually evolve. Non-target site resistance, or NTSR, is particularly difficult to counteract, since it may confer resistance to multiple herbicides at once, including herbicides the plants' ancestors were never exposed to. [ 66 ]
Crops have been commercialized that are resistant to the herbicide glufosinate, as well. [147] Crops engineered for resistance to multiple herbicides to allow farmers to use a mixed group of two, three, or four different chemicals are under development to combat growing herbicide resistance. [148] [149]
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LibertyLink provides an herbicide resistance system that is still effective in the presence of glyphosate resistant weeds. [1] The gene which gives resistance to glufosinate is a bar or pat gene which was first isolated from two species of Streptomyces bacteria .