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Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]
Anonymous survey administration, compared with in-person or phone-based administration, has been shown to elicit higher reporting of items with social-desirability bias. [21] In anonymous survey settings, the subject is assured that their responses will not be linked to them, and they are not asked to divulge sensitive information directly to a ...
The conclusion made by the researchers was that repeating a statement makes it more likely to appear factual. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In 1989, Hal R. Arkes, Catherine Hackett, and Larry Boehm replicated the original study, with similar results showing that exposure to false information changes the perceived truthfulness and plausibility of that information.
Recent research has focused on "real world" events captured on security cameras, and the coherency and robustness of the effect has come under question. [1] More recent studies also show that this effect can generalize to workplace settings, where subordinates often refrain from informing managers regarding ideas, concerns, and opinions. [2] [3]
The idea that ambiguity moderates illusory superiority has empirical research support from a study involving two conditions: in one, participants were given criteria for assessing a trait as ambiguous or unambiguous, and in the other participants were free to assess the traits according to their own criteria.
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that, if an event (whose occurrences are independent and identically distributed) has occurred less frequently than expected, it is more likely to happen again in the future (or vice versa).
Perspective-taking is the act of perceiving a situation or understanding a concept from an alternative point of view, such as that of another individual. [1]A vast amount of scientific literature suggests that perspective-taking is crucial to human development [2] and that it may lead to a variety of beneficial outcomes.
Research shows that the optimum level of self-efficacy is slightly above ability; in this situation, people are most encouraged to tackle challenging tasks and gain experience. [16] Self-efficacy is made of dimensions like magnitude, strength, and generality to explain how one believes they will perform on a specific task.