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The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
First-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart in which electrical impulses conduct from the cardiac atria to the ventricles through the atrioventricular node (AV node) more slowly than normal.
A right bundle branch block typically causes prolongation of the last part of the QRS complex and may shift the heart's electrical axis slightly to the right. The ECG will show a terminal R wave in lead V1 and a slurred S wave in lead I. Left bundle branch block widens the entire QRS, and in most cases shifts the heart's electrical axis to the ...
The axis may be normal but may be deviated to the left or right. [4] There are also partial blocks of the left bundle branch: "left anterior fascicular block" (LAFB) [5] and a "left posterior fascicular block" (LPFB). [5] This refers to the block after the bifurcation of the left bundle branch.
Pre-excitation syndrome is a heart condition in which part of the cardiac ventricles are activated too early. [1] Pre-excitation is caused by an abnormal electrical connection or accessory pathway between or within the cardiac chambers.
Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) is an abnormal condition of the left ventricle of the heart, [1] [2] related to, but distinguished from, left bundle branch block (LBBB). It is caused by only the left anterior fascicle – one half of the left bundle branch being defective. It is manifested on the ECG by left axis deviation.
An ECG may show left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of left heart strain. [31] Left axis deviation can be a sign of advanced disease. [31] An echocardiogram can be helpful in determining the root cause of the disease, as it will clearly show aortic root dilation or dissection if it exists. [31]
Further evidence for the diagnosis can be obtained with an electrocardiogram and a chest radiograph. ECG will typically show a left axis deviation, while the chest X-ray may show pulmonary oligaemia or hyperaemia. The definitive investigation is, as in all congenital heart diseases, an echocardiogram, although the aforementioned tests along ...