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The Ponary massacre (Polish: zbrodnia w Ponarach), or the Paneriai massacre (Lithuanian: Panerių žudynės), was the mass murder of up to 100,000 people, mostly Jews, Poles, and Russians, by German SD and SS and the Lithuanian Ypatingasis būrys killing squads, [3] [4] [5] during World War II and the Holocaust in the Generalbezirk Litauen of Reichskommissariat Ostland.
Aukštieji Paneriai (literally Lithuanian: "a place near Neris"; adapted to Polish: Ponary, Yiddish: פאנאר /Ponar) is a neighborhood of Vilnius, situated about 10 kilometres away from the city center. It is located on low forested hills, on the Vilnius-Warsaw road.
Some 150 Jews managed to escape the massacre, however most were handed over to the Germans. Czarny Las massacre: 14–15 August 1941 Czarny Las near Stanisławów Nazi Germany: 250–300 Poles Misznowszyna Forest massacre 20–21 October 1941 Misznowszyna Forest near Horodyszcze Nazi Germany: 1,000+ Jews Rudzica Forest massacre autumn of 1941
Some troops leave the battlefield injured. Others return from war with mental wounds. Yet many of the 2 million Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffer from a condition the Defense Department refuses to acknowledge: Moral injury.
1989 marked the end of the Polish totalitarian state and a new era in Polish historiography. In the light of Polish independence the subject of Ukrainian–Polish relations became a growing concern.
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Psychological trauma (also known as mental trauma, psychiatric trauma, emotional damage, or psychotrauma) is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events, such as bodily injury, sexual violence, or other threats to the life of the subject or their loved ones; indirect exposure, such as from watching television news, may be extremely distressing and can produce an involuntary and ...
The majority of the remaining residents were sent to the Vaivara concentration camp in Estonia, [23] killed in the forest of Paneriai, or sent to the death camps in German-occupied Poland. [citation needed] A small group of Jews remained in Vilna after the liquidation of the ghetto, primarily at the Kailis and HKP 562 forced labour camps. [22]