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An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood. [citation needed] Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). [6]
[3] [10] Blood lead levels 50 to 1,000 times higher than preindustrial levels are commonly measured in contemporary human populations around the world. [3] The National Academies evaluated this issue [12] in 1991 and confirmed that the blood lead level of the average person in the US was 300 to 500 times higher than that of pre-industrial humans.
Most blood banks now split the whole blood into two or more components, [18] typically red blood cells and a plasma component such as fresh frozen plasma. Platelets for transfusion can also be prepared from a unit of whole blood, whereby 4 or 5 buffy coats are pooled to produce a platelet component.
blood glucose level: BIB: brought in by BIBA: brought in by ambulance BID bid b.i.d. twice a day (from Latin bis in die) Bilat eq: bilaterally equal BiPAP: bilevel positive airway pressure: BIS: bispectral index: BiVAD: bilateral ventricular assist device (left and right) BK: bradykinin: BKA: below-the-knee amputation: b/l: bilateral BL ...
2 fluidrachm or 8 mL, [11] or 7.5 mL [18] (actual range: 8.4–10.4 mL [12]) 2 fl dram or 8 mL [13] 1 ⁄ 4: 2 dessertspoons = 1 tablespoon tablespoon (mouthful) tbsp. or T., rarely tbls. 1 ⁄ 2 fluid ounce or 20 mL [10] most common size: 5 fl dr or 20 mL [17] 4 fluidrachm or 16 mL, [11] or 15 mL [18] (actual range: 12.8–15.6 mL [12]) 1/2 fl ...
Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O 2 per gram hemoglobin, [23] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventyfold, [24] compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O 2 per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mm Hg in arteries). [24]
The patient’s blood is slowly withdrawn (usually about 5 to 20 mL at a time, depending on the patient’s size and the severity of illness), and a slightly larger amount of fresh, prewarmed blood or plasma flows into the patient's body. This cycle is repeated until the correct volume of blood has been replaced. [1]
Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1,025 kg/m 3 (1.025 g/ml). [8] Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting factors. [5] Plasmapheresis is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction, treatment, and reintegration.