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The placenta (pl.: placentas or placentae) is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation.It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important endocrine organ, producing hormones that regulate both maternal and fetal ...
Sacrum posterior (SP)—the buttocks face posteriorly. Shoulder presentations with transverse lie are classified into four types, based on the location of the scapula (shoulder blade). This presentation needs to be delivered by cesarean section. Left scapula-anterior (LSA) Right scapula-anterior (RSA) Left scapula-posterior (LSP)
Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. [1] Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy . [ 1 ] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. [ 1 ]
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
Sacrum posterior (SP)—the buttocks face posteriorly. Shoulder presentation with transverse lie are classified into four types, based on the location of the scapula (shoulderblade); note: the presentation is significantly different from asynclitic positioning , and in most cases needs to be delivered by cesarean section .
Manual placenta removal is the evacuation of the placenta from the uterus by hand. [4] It is usually carried out under anesthesia or more rarely, under sedation and analgesia . A hand is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity and the placenta is detached from the uterine wall and then removed manually.
In obstetrics, a shoulder presentation is a malpresentation at childbirth where the baby is in a transverse lie (its vertebral column is perpendicular to that of the mother), thus the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal) is an arm, a shoulder, or the trunk.
Placenta with attached fetal membranes (ruptured at the margin at the left in the image), which consists of the chorion (outer layer) and amnion (inner layer).. The part of the chorion that is in contact with the decidua capsularis undergoes atrophy, so that by the fourth month scarcely a trace of the villi is left.