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After the forced relocation of the Seminoles and Black Seminoles from Florida to Indian Territory, a group led by Seminole sub-chief Wild Cat and Black Seminole chief John Horse moved to northern Mexico. [2] The group settled at El Nacimiento in 1852. [3] They worked for the Mexican government to protect against Indian raids.
The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour ...
Her ancestors had been forced to migrate from Florida to Nacimiento, by way of Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, following the Indian Removal Act. She was born to Jennie Bruner (also spelled Bruno). Some narrative refer to her father with the last name Philips, likely Black Seminole U.S. Army scout Ned Philips. [1] Others claim her father was Elijah July. [2]
The town of El Nacimiento is home to the Kickapoo and the Mascogos, both of whom originated in the eastern United States. The Mascogos (Spanish: Negros Mascogos) are descendants of Black Seminoles who had fled to Indian Territory following the Seminole Wars. Both the Kickapoo and the Mascogos later left Indian Territory and settled in Mexico.
"In compliance with orders contained in the 3rd Indorsement Headquarters Southern Department, May 7th, 1914, and the 5th Indorsement War Department, June 29th, 1914, on communications 2128018-A.A.G.O., April 16, 1914 - Subject Seminole Negro Indian Scouts. The Seminole Negro Indian Scouts will be disbanded and cease to exist as an organization ...
In Mexico, they were granted land at Hacienda del Nacimiento near the town of Múzquiz in the state of Coahuila in 1850. [5] A few small groups of Kickapoo also live in the states of Sonora and Durango. The Mexican Kickapoo often work as migrants in Texas and move throughout the Midwest and the Western United States, returning in winter to ...
The Seminole Wars pushed the Indians farther south and into the Everglades. Those who did not find refuge in the Everglades were relocated to Oklahoma Indian territory under Indian Removal. One group in southern Florida before and during the Second Seminole War were known as Spanish Indians. Long considered to consist primarily of Calusas that ...
When Mexico gained independence in 1821, the casta designations were eliminated as a legal structure, but racial divides remained. White Mexicans argued about what the solution was to the "Indian Problem", that is indigenous who continued to live in communities and were not integrated politically or socially as citizens of the new republic. [42]