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An ascus (from Ancient Greek ἀσκός (askós) 'skin bag, wineskin'; pl.: asci) [1] is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division.
There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota. The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the ascus, though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle. Many ascomycetes are of commercial importance.
The generic name polyascus (poly "many" + ascus "bag") refers to the typical presence of multiple external sac-like female bodies, known as externae. In Polyascus species, these originate from asexual reproduction. [1]
The eight ascospores are produced inside an ascus. Sordaria squashes can give us information about crossing over during meiosis. If no crossing over occurs a 4:4 pattern is produced: four black spores, and four tan spores all lined up. If crossing over does occur there is a 2:2:2:2 pattern visible, or a 2:4:2 pattern.
The most popular video hosting website is YouTube, 2 billion active until October 2020 and the most extensive catalog of online videos. [1] There are some countries in the world placing restrictions on YouTube , instead having their own regional video-sharing websites in its place.
As of 2025, there are 43 sovereign states in the world with a monarch as head of state. There are 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, 9 in the Americas, 6 in Oceania, and 3 in Africa. There are 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, 9 in the Americas, 6 in Oceania, and 3 in Africa.
The nearly 8100 major dams in the United States in 2006. The National Inventory of Dams defines a major dam as being 50 feet (15 m) tall with a storage capacity of at least 5,000 acre-feet (6,200,000 m 3), or of any height with a storage capacity of 25,000 acre-feet (31,000,000 m 3).
There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe, North America, the Far East, and East Africa [36]), and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15%. [ 37 ] (with around 1%), [ 38 ] non-denominational Muslims , Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis ( with around 1–2% [ 39 ] of the world's total Muslim ...