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To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one relative to water means that the substance ...
The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle. [98] [99] In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. [100]
Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. [2] Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (14.5 psi).
According to a report published by the Water Footprint organization in 2010, a single kilogram of beef requires 15 thousand litres (3.3 × 10 ^ 3 imp gal; 4.0 × 10 ^ 3 US gal) of water; however, the authors also make clear that this is a global average and circumstantial factors determine the amount of water used in beef production.
An example in liquids is the miscibility of water and ethanol as they mix in all proportions. [1] By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if the mixture does not form a solution for certain proportions. For one example, oil is not soluble in water, so these two solvents are immiscible
Quantities of liquids are measured in units of volume. These include the SI unit cubic metre (m 3 ) and its divisions, in particular the cubic decimeter, more commonly called the litre (1 dm 3 = 1 L = 0.001 m 3 ), and the cubic centimetre, also called millilitre (1 cm 3 = 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10 −6 m 3 ).
If the density drops to 1/10 its former value, the specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, increases by a factor of 10. The density of gases changes with even slight variations in temperature, while densities of liquid and solids, which are generally thought of as incompressible, will change very little. Specific volume is the ...
Tumlirz-Tammann-Tait equation of state based on fits to experimental data on pure water. A related equation of state that can be used to model liquids is the Tumlirz equation (sometimes called the Tammann equation and originally proposed by Tumlirz in 1909 and Tammann in 1911 for pure water). [4] [10] This relation has the form