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Independent invention may refer to: Independent inventor , a person who creates inventions independently, rather than for an employer Multiple discovery , the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors
An independent inventor is a person who creates inventions independently, rather than for an employer. [1] Many independent inventors patent their inventions so that they have rights over them, and hope to earn income from selling or licensing them. Usually inventions made in the course of employment are ultimately owned by the employer; this ...
Multiple independent discovery and invention, like discovery and invention generally, have been fostered by the evolution of means of communication: roads, vehicles, sailing vessels, writing, printing, institutions of education, reliable postal services, [12] telegraphy, and mass media, including the internet.
Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; [3] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution ...
Thomas Edison with phonograph in the late 1870s. Edison was one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name.. Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services. [1]
Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science. [2]
This broader knowledge of the world's geography meant that people were able to make world maps, depicting all land known. The first modern atlas was the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , published by Abraham Ortelius , which included a world map that depicted all of Earth's continents.
The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field.Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and/or delineation of that field; they may also be seen as "a" rather than "the" father or mother of the field.