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2. Frost damage (construction) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_damage_(construction)

   Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [ citation needed ] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores.

3. Silicon organic water repellent - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_organic_water...

   for concrete, asbestos, gypsum, ceramic, porcelain; in the production of waterproof papers and leather; in the production of water-resistant fabrics; by volumetric method in the manufacture of paving tiles, slabs, curbs, fences of different silicate materials; as plasticizer in the preparation of plaster, lime and cement solutions;

4. Concrete sealer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_sealer

   Concrete sealers are applied to concrete to protect it from surface damage, corrosion, and staining. They either block the pores in the concrete to reduce absorption of water and salts or form an impermeable layer which prevents such materials from passing.

5. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

   A fairly well-defined reaction front can often be observed in thin sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal, or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and the microstructure of concrete are modified. These changes may vary in type or severity but commonly include: Extensive cracking; Expansion

6. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

   Repair principles which do not improve the strength or performance of concrete beyond its original (undamaged) condition include replacement and restoration of concrete after spalling and delamination; strengthening to restore structural load-bearing capacity; and increasing resistance to physical or mechanical attack.

7. Self-healing concrete - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-healing_concrete

   [1] [2] Therefore, it is essential to limit the crack's width and repair it as quickly as feasible. Self-healing concrete would not only make the material more sustainable, but it would also contribute to an increase in the service life of concrete structures and make the material more durable and environmentally friendly. [3] [4]