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Atomic beam is special case of particle beam; it is the collimated flux (beam) of neutral atoms. The imaging systems using the slow atomic beams can use the Fresnel zone plate (Fresnel diffraction lens) of a Fresnel diffraction mirror as focusing element. The imaging system with atomic beam could provide the sub-micrometre resolution.
Low-background steel, also known as pre-war steel [1] and pre-atomic steel, [2] is any steel produced prior to the detonation of the first nuclear bombs in the 1940s and 1950s. Typically sourced from ships (either as part of regular scrapping or shipwrecks ) and other steel artifacts of this era, it is often used for modern particle detectors ...
Like an optical beam, the atomic beam may exhibit diffraction and interference, and can be focused with a Fresnel zone plate [2] or a concave atomic mirror. [ 3 ] For comprehensive overviews of atom optics, see the 1994 review by Adams, Sigel, and Mlynek [ 1 ] or the 2009 review by Cronin, Jörg, and Pritchard. [ 4 ]
A particle-beam weapon uses a high-energy beam of atomic or subatomic particles to damage the target by disrupting its atomic and/or molecular structure. A particle-beam weapon is a type of space-based directed-energy weapon, which directs focused energy toward a target using atomic scale particles.
Molecular beams are useful for fabricating thin films in molecular beam epitaxy and artificial structures such as quantum wells, quantum wires, and quantum dots. Molecular beams have also been applied as crossed molecular beams. The molecules in the molecular beam can be manipulated by electrical fields and magnetic fields. [1]
These replaced the pusher plate material with metal rods; when optically pumped by the atomic bomb's X-rays, the rods would produce collimated beams of X-ray radiation in the same fashion that a ruby laser produces red light when pumped by a flashtube. Testing in the 1980s demonstrated the efficiency was far too low to be useful and further ...
Using a combination of explosive wave-shaping and "gun-barrel" design, up to 5% of a small nuclear bomb could reportedly be converted into kinetic energy driving a beam of particles with a beam angle of 0.001 radians (0.057 degrees), far more concentrated than the earlier-proposed plasma jet, though this decreases to 1% efficiency at 50 ...
The beam is typically focused by sending it through a microscope objective. Near the narrowest point of the focused beam, known as the beam waist, the amplitude of the oscillating electric field varies rapidly in space. Dielectric particles are attracted along the gradient to the region of strongest electric field, which is the center of the beam.
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