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XPath (XML Path Language) is an expression language designed to support the query or transformation of XML documents. It was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1999, [1] and can be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean values) from the content of an XML document.
A bounded wildcard is one with either an upper or a lower inheritance constraint. The bound of a wildcard can be either a class type, interface type, array type, or type variable. Upper bounds are expressed using the extends keyword and lower bounds using the super keyword. Wildcards can state either an upper bound or a lower bound, but not both.
The main difference is that XPath 1.0 was more relaxed about type conversion, for example comparing two strings ("4" > "4.0") was quite possible but would do a numeric comparison; in XPath 2.0 this is defined to compare the two values as strings using a context-defined collating sequence.
Compared to XPath 2.0, XPath 3.0 adds the following new features: . Inline function expressions Anonymous functions can be created in an expression context. For example, the expression function ($ a as xs:double, $ b as xs:double) as xs:double {$ a * $ b} creates a function that returns the product of its two arguments.
XPath 3.1 [12] is an expression language that allows the processing of values conforming to the XDM [13] data model. The version 3.1 of XPath supports JSON as well as XML. jq is like sed for JSON data – it can be used to slice and filter and map and transform structured data.
XSLT 3.0 will work with either XPath 3.0 or 3.1. In the case of 1.0 and 2.0, the XSLT and XPath specifications were published on the same date. With 3.0, however, they were no longer synchronized; XPath 3.0 became a Recommendation in April 2014, followed by XPath 3.1 in February 2017; XSLT 3.0 followed in June 2017.
XMLStarlet is a set of command line utilities (toolkit) to query, transform, validate, and edit XML documents and files using a simple set of shell commands in a way similar to how it is done with UNIX grep, sed, awk, diff, patch, join, etc commands.
JDOM is an open-source Java-based document object model for XML that was designed specifically for the Java platform so that it can take advantage of its language features. [1] JDOM integrates with Document Object Model (DOM) and Simple API for XML (SAX), supports XPath and XSLT. [2] It uses external parsers to build documents.