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An RTD can be fabricated using many different types of materials (such as III–V, type IV, II–VI semiconductor) and different types of resonant tunneling structures, such as the heavily doped p–n junction in Esaki diodes, double barrier, triple barrier, quantum well, or quantum wire.
Many RTD elements consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a heat-resistant ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also used. The RTD wire is a pure material, typically platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or copper (Cu). The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of temperature.
RTD may refer to: Science and technology. Real-time data; Residence time distribution; Resonant-tunneling diode; Round-trip delay time, in telecommunications;
Thermowells are typically installed in piping systems and subject to both hydrostatic and aerodynamic forces. Vortex shedding is the dominant concern for thermowells in cross-flow applications and is capable of forcing the thermowell into resonance with the possibility of fatigue failure not only of the thermowell but also of the temperature sensor.
Four-point measurement of resistance between voltage sense connections 2 and 3. Current is supplied via force connections 1 and 4. In electrical engineering, four-terminal sensing (4T sensing), 4-wire sensing, or 4-point probes method is an electrical impedance measuring technique that uses separate pairs of current-carrying and voltage-sensing electrodes to make more accurate measurements ...
The velocity near the center of the pipe is higher than the fluids near the wall of the pipe. Thus, the velocity distribution of the reactants tends to be higher in the center and lower on the side. Consider fluid being pumped through an LFR at constant velocity from the inlet, and the concentration of the fluid is monitored at the outlet.
In transmitting antennas a second cause of power wastage is dielectric power losses of the electric field (displacement current) of the antenna passing through the earth to reach the ground wires. [15] For antennas near a half-wavelength high (180 electrical degrees [b]) the antenna has a voltage maximum near its base, which results in strong ...
Special wiring rules apply to wet or corrosive locations, [13] and to locations which present an explosion hazard. [14] Wiring materials for use in the United States must generally be made and tested to product standards set by NEMA and Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and must bear approval marks such as those set by UL.