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In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter. It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. [ 1 ]
In relation to two contacting objects, the contact area is the part of the nominal area that consists of atoms of one object in true contact with the atoms of the other object. Because objects are never perfectly flat due to asperities , the actual contact area (on a microscopic scale) is usually much less than the contact area apparent on a ...
The barn (b) is a unit of area used in nuclear physics equal to one hundred femtometres squared (100 fm 2 = 10 −28 m 2). The are (a) is a unit of area equal to 100 m 2. The decare (daa) is a unit of area equal to 1000 m 2. The hectare (ha) is a unit of area equal to 10 000 m 2 (0.01 km 2).
Countable additivity of a measure : The measure of a countable disjoint union is the same as the sum of all measures of each subset.. Let be a set and a σ-algebra over . A set function from to the extended real number line is called a measure if the following conditions hold:
To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 −3 m and 10 −2 m (1 mm and 1 cm). 1.0 mm – 1/1,000 of a meter; 1.0 mm – 0.03937 inches or 5/127 (exactly) 1.0 mm – side of a square of area 1 mm²; 1.0 mm – diameter of a pinhead; 1.5 mm – average length of a flea [27]
The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions. The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values a and b (b is defined as the larger of the two values) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from a to b of the function ...
Furthermore, the measure of the empty set is required to be 0. A simple example is a volume (how big an object occupies a space) as a measure. In mathematics, the concept of a measure is a generalization and formalization of geometrical measures (length, area, volume) and other common notions, such as magnitude, mass, and probability of events ...
Commonly one sampling length is discarded from each end of the measurement length. 3D measurements can be made with a profilometer by scanning over a 2D area on the surface. The disadvantage of a profilometer is that it is not accurate when the size of the features of the surface are close to the same size as the stylus.