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Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, oral, or manual sex and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. [1] [9] The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation. [8] Infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans. [10]
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, though it can be seen in males rarely. [5] It is complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Chlamydia) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea) though other bacteria such as Bacteroides, Gardnerella, E. coli and Streptococcus have also been found to cause Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome on occasion. [6]
Thus, depending on the sense, chlamydia can either be the most likely cause or have been ruled out, and frequently detected organisms are Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. However, in 20-50% of cases, a specific cause for urethritis can't be identified, in which case a diagnosis of idiopathic urethritis is a diagnosis of exclusion .
It has been reported that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. [2] However, in the UK it is reported by the NHS that infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for only a quarter of PID cases. [9] Often, multiple different bacteria are involved. [2]
Gonorrhea is more commonly seen in males than in females and infection rates are higher in adolescents and young adults. [1] The estimated global prevalence of chlamydia, which is the most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, is 3.8% in women and 2.7% in men. An estimated 127 million new chlamydia cases occurred in 2016.
Pulmonary infections can occur in infants born to women with active chlamydia infections, although the rate of infection is less than 10%. [8] Ocular infections take the form of inclusion conjunctivitis or trachoma, both in adults and children.
Chlamydia pneumoniae [1] is a species of Chlamydia, an obligate intracellular bacterium [2] that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia.It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39. [3]
After a small increase in 1998, the gonorrhea rate has decreased slightly since 1999. In 2004, the rate of reported gonorrheal infections was 113. 5 per 100,000 persons. [73] In the US, it is the second-most-common bacterial sexually transmitted infections; chlamydia remains first.