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The strength of inductive effect is also dependent on the distance between the substituent group and the main group that react; the longer the distance, the weaker the effect. Inductive effects can be expressed quantitatively through the Hammett equation, which describes the relationship between reaction rates and equilibrium constants with ...
The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...
Electron-withdrawing groups exert an "inductive" or "electron-pulling" effect on covalent bonds. The strength of the electron-withdrawing group is inversely proportional to the pKa of the carboxylic acid. [2] The inductive effect is cumulative: trichloroacetic acid is 1000x stronger than chloroacetic acid.
In magnetohydrodynamics, the induction equation is a partial differential equation that relates the magnetic field and velocity of an electrically conductive fluid such as a plasma. It can be derived from Maxwell's equations and Ohm's law , and plays a major role in plasma physics and astrophysics , especially in dynamo theory .
Field effects, F, are defined to include all effects (inductive and pure field). Likewise, effects due to resonance, R, are due to the average of electron-donating ability and electron-accepting ability. These two effects are assumed to be independent of each other and therefore can be written as a linear combination:
Inductive reasoning aptitude; Collective Induction, in psychology; Hypnotic induction, causing hypnosis "Induction", a song by Broken Spindles from Fulfilled/complete "Induction" (short story), a short story by Greg Egan
This effect is depicted in scheme 3, where, in a para substituted arene 1a, one resonance structure 1b is a quinoid with positive charge on the X substituent, releasing electrons and thus destabilizing the Y substituent. This destabilizing effect is not possible when X has a meta orientation. Scheme 3. Hammett Inductive Mesomeric Effects
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