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This timeline of Islamic history relates the Gregorian and Islamic calendars in the history of Islam. This timeline starts with the lifetime of Muhammad, which is believed by non-Muslims to be when Islam started, [1] though not by Muslims. [2] [3] [4]
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day. [citation needed]
The Hijri era is calculated according to the Islamic lunar calendar, whose epoch (first year) is the year of Muhammad's Hijrah, and begins on the first day of the month of Muharram (equivalent to the Julian calendar date of July 16, 622 CE). [2] [b] The date of the Hijrah itself did not form the Islamic New Year.
Capital Cities of Arab Islam. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3+. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4. Francis Edward Peters (1986). Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6598-2. Patricia Crone (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton University Press. Francis Edward ...
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
[5] Any chapter that contains the word kalla كلا (never) is Meccan, and are found only in the second half of the Qur'an. Any chapter that has the phrase يأيها الناس O individual , but does not have the phrase يأيها اللذين آمنوا O you who believe is Meccan except chapter 22 .
[3] [4] [5] This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical ...
Sufi cosmology (Arabic: الكوزمولوجية الصوفية) is a Sufi approach to cosmology which discusses the creation of man and the universe, which according to mystics are the fundamental grounds upon which Islamic religious universe is based.